Leadership Trait Theory

Question: Describe about the Leadership for Trait Theory. Answer: Introduction The Indian Army Forces be present to support the models of the formation of India. Indian Army is the main constituent of countrywide strength. Its most important responsibility is to conserve national awareness and preserve independence, protective reliability and accord of India adjacent to any outside intimidations by anticipation or by incoming conflicts for the nation. Its another prime responsibility is to lend a hand for government organizations to manage with the proxy war and different inner risks and supply help to the civil right at that time, request for the reason. It provides as the eventual apparatus for upholding the unity and the truthfulness of the country in the point of outer risks and interior conflict and turbulence (Chibber, 1985). Leadership is one of the most important factors for the Indian Army to uphold their reputation in the world. Indian Army is the 2nd largest standing army within the globe. Leaders are the individual who can influence the groups, peop le or individuals to achieve the organisational or individuals aims, objectives and goals (Smythe Norton, 2007). To maintain the large standing army in the Indian Army, there are several major, lieutenant general, general, major general to lead there team and permit them to become more effective in their job responsibilities. In this whole paper the leadership style, theory and significance of the leadership in Indian army has been discussed thoroughly. Main Body Analysis The modern leadership theory is basically based on the three eras of modern leadership research. The initial theory of leadership was Trait theory. That is initiated in the year 1800. The modern leadership research is based on the three eras which are Trait eras (18000 to mid of 1940s), the Behaviour era (mid of 1940 to 1970s), and last but not the least, Contingency era (early 1960s to present). According to theses leadership theory, the Indian army leaders has maintaining their leadership strategies. According to the Trait theories, it can be understand that the leaders are born to lead and they have effective and some special characteristics, traits in their personality. According to the Trait theory, it can be stated that the leadership is a natural aspects for a person. In this leadership style it can be said that leaders character plays a minor role and this is not a dominant factor in the leadership style (Tracy, 2014). On the other hand, according to the behavioural theory the leaders can easily access, taught and observed the objectives. In this theory, the behaviours are basically dependent on two categories; one is task based and another one is relationship based. According to the behaviour theory, the leadership style can be described into three types such as: Autocratic leadership style, Democratic leadership style and laissez faire leadership style (Burns, 1978). According to this theory, it can be analyse that instead of analysing the effective leader this behavioural approach highlighted that what an effective leader can do in his job role. Apart from the trait theory, this behavioural theory has some advantages. The most important advantages of this theory are it can be observed more objective based rather than traits (Singh, 2005). To get the proper knowledge about the values and ethics in the leadership within the Indian Army, the researcher has done several researches and obtains some views and response from the former and present Indian Army team members. According to Nixon Fernando, who has several times education knowledge at the impressive National Defence Academy, while he has appointed for lecturer post for out the confronts in leadership expansion for the Indian army, captivating a message on Indian armed heads concerning on information of indiscretions, amplified bribery, dishonesty and in addition case of fight among the team member and the executives (Safire Safir, 1990). This is endorsed usually to deprivation of worth in civilization; nevertheless the touch of doubt also directs at the imperfections within the leadership improvement processes in the Indian Army. Fairly of course, at that time, leadership is alleged problems as well happen regarding the procedures of hiring and preparation of the executives. Leadership can be defined as a subject of trustworthiness, intelligence, courage and humanness. To maintain the values and the ethics of an organisation like Indian Army, leadership qualities of the leaders plays very significant role to manage the team members (Gill, 2006). Due to the vast number of team, the leaders need to adopt effective leadership qualities and capabilities in their job role. The leadership styles of the leaders need to obtain according to the proper situation basis. Sometimes the leaders of Indian army need to take some decision within the instant moment at that time the leaders focuses on the autocratic leadership style an d they mainly depends on the objective oriented leadership qualities. Leadership maintain the organisational culture by maintaining the values, beliefs and ethics within the organisation. In Indian army the leaders needs to focus on the moral principle of the organisation and they needs to adopt effective leadership style to uphold the performance and achieve the organisational objectives. To get the positive outcomes in the leadership, the leaders of the Indian army requires providing effective motivational plan in their job role. To motivate the team member in the army squad, the leaders of the team needs to offer effective reward management style for their team members to get effective outcomes in their performance (Giuliani Kurson, 2002). Discipline management is one of the most important elements in the Indian army. To motivate the team members effectively, the leaders of the Indian army interact with the team and communicate with them in a superior manner to understand their requirements and they also encourage them to perform well for the count ry. By motivating the team members in the Indian army, the leaders can aware them about the organisational core values and the prime objectives of the organisation. By giving proper awareness about the organisational objectives, values and principles, the leaders can minimize the internal conflict within the Indian army squad which can be benefited for the leaders to promote new strategies and implement some plan in their job role for greater adoption of the people (Lawler, 2005). On the other hand, to develop the effective leadership style and approach in the Indian army according to the different views from different gems of Indian Army has given some feedback. Lt Gen Mukesh Sabharwal, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (retired) also highlighted some confronts of Human Resource Management within the Indian Army and regarded it like tremendously imperative matter for the reason that its potency has for eternity been its warrior. The Lt Gen also stated that organization does not change, its individuals act; stages and groups do not protect the state, individuals do. For changing socio economic norms causes, Nitin A Gokhale stated on this matter the Impact on Indian army and demonstrated Why is executiveteam member connection deteriorating in the Indian Army? also emphasized the leadership subject of Indian army (Roy, 2012). On the matter of Ethics and Military, S.R.R. Aiyengar correctly emphasized the mistake processions in Ethical behaviour which can be affect the armed Leadership as loyalty pattern, make for achievement, thing with icon, totalitarianism against individual instance, mainstream have the emotion that unprincipled executives are building to senior positions, faith of endings mitigating the indicates, self-centred, endorsement adjusted performance, disrespect for main beliefs, achievement of the most unimportant of assignment with zero tolerances, and abnormality in personal performance (Leadership, 1993). International approach adoption is one of the most effective ways in the leadership style for a leader. Before adopting an effectual leadership style within the organisation, the leaders of the team needs to aware about the role of level, age, and size of the organisation (Mulroy, 1993). In most of the European country, the leaders reflects more democratic leadership style for making motivated and satisfied the worker or the team members. To get effective outcomes in their job role, the Indian Army leaders needs to focus on this development and transformation in their leadership (Leitch Stead, 2016). To attract more youth generation towards the Indian army, the leaders often adopts more motivational and influencing plans. By the help of effective sustainable actions in the job role, the nation can mitigate strive in their difficult situation. Involving a regulatory surrounding in the organisation can enhance the performance for the individuals and the team can perform well in the global platform. Conclusion From the above study it can be concluded that, leadership plays a pivotal role in every organisation, if that is a small scale organisation or a whole nations army management. To manage the team members within an organisation, the leaders needs to promote them up and by the help of effective communication process and proper reward management style, they can satisfy the team member to enhance their job performance. References Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper Row. Chibber, M. (1985). Leadership in the Indian Army during eighties and nineties. New Delhi: United Service Institution of India. Gill, J. (2006). Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers (review). The Journal Of Military History, 70(1), 289-291. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0044 Giuliani, R. Kurson, K. (2002). Leadership. New York: Hyperion. Lawler, J. (2005). The Essence of Leadership? Existentialism and Leadership. Leadership, 1(2), 215-231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715005051860 Leadership. (1993). Alexandria, Va. Leitch, C. Stead, V. (2016). Special Issue of Leadership: Gender and Leadership. Leadership, 12(1), 127-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715015625415 Mulroy, K. (1993). Freedom on the border. Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech University Press. Roy, K. (2012). The Indian Army in the two World Wars. Boston: Brill. Safire, W. Safir, L. (1990). Leadership. New York: Simon and Schuster. Singh, K. (1998). Overcoming crisis in leadership. New Delhi, India: Manas Publications. Singh, V. (2005). Leadership in the Indian army. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Smythe, E. Norton, A. (2007). Thinking as Leadership/Leadership as Thinking. Leadership, 3(1), 65-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715007073067 Tracy, B. (2014). Leadership. New York: American Management Association.

Britain And Europe In The Seventeenth Century Essays -

Britain and Europe in the Seventeenth Century Britain and Europe in the Seventeenth Century J.R. Jones, a Professor of English History in the School of English Studies at the University of East Anglia, England, in Britain and Europe in the Seventeenth Century, has written a very informative and interesting book. Britain and Europe in the Seventeenth Century is a relatively short book that deals with the impact that Britain had on European affairs at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The thesis is basically summed up in the title of the book. To expand on the thesis, Dr. Jones emphasizes the close interdependence of Britain and Europe in the seventeenth century, and shows that events at home cannot be fully understood unless they are related to developments and forces abroad. In cultural and intellectual, as well as political and economic matters, the effect on Britain of foreign influences is for most of this period greater than that of Britain on Europe; one of the main questions that Dr. Jones considered when writing this book was why this relation was later reversed. In looking at this period as a whole there is a clear contrast between Britain's isolation and unimportance in European affairs at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and Britain's full involvement as a major influence after 1688. This involves intellectual and political matters. European intellectual developments during the first part of the century did not significantly affect the main part of English life, and English influences on Europe were negligible. The only groups interested in developments in Europe were minorities who were dissatisfied with the established order in Britain. For most of these "Puritans" the Calvinist churches of Europe provided the model which they hoped to establish in England. During James I's reign they were inspired by Dutch divines and encouraged in their opposition to royal policies. In economic and intellectual matters Scotland was basically a colony of Holland. But the partly formed Calvinist international, to which English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians belonged, together with German, Czech, Swiss, Magyar, French, and Dutch churches, did not survive the 1620's. It was shattered in the early disastrous phases of the Thirty Years War, and by the submission of the Huguenots when Louis XIII insisted on the elimination of foreign pastors, so that by the time English Puritanism temporarily triumphed during the English Revolution it held few European connections of any importance, and was dependent of its own intellectual resources. The connections which bound Catholicism with Europe were more durable. Isolated and often under pressure at home, English Catholics regarded themselves as part of the community of Christendom and as following the tradition of the past, from which their fellow-countrymen had been severed by the decisions of Henry VIII and Elizabeth. Before 1640 it was the religious doctrines, rituals and claims to universality of Catholicism that attracted converts, but after 1660 it was the political rather than the religious aspects of Catholicism which attracted those court circles which wanted to imitate the France of Louis XIV. The defeat of Catholicism is the main theme of English History in the late seventeenth century, while the events of 1686-90 strengthened the links between Catholicism and the Irish national spirit. The end of isolation was a very gradual process. The most important factor before 1688 was the diversification and expansion of overseas trade in exports and imports. New trade routes and patterns were developed, which were of great economic importance. Economic ties produced political connections years before Britain became fully involved in the European diplomatic system. Britain had to become a Mediterranean power and began to intervene in Portuguese politics during Charles II's reign. Apart from this economic impact, England made little impression on Europe before 1688. There was almost universal ignorance of the English language, and English literature was hardly known to exist. The political instability and continual violence of British affairs horrified all Europeans except the Dutch. Only the Dutch had any realization of potential English power. It was only after 1688 that Britain became fully involved in European affairs. The Revolution entirely transformed Britain's relationship with Europe. The two wars that followed the Revolution affected the lives of every inhabitant of the British Isles. They involved major changes to individuals and economic interests. All parts of the population and every part of the administration came under intense and prolonged strain. Foreign trade and shipping suffered severely. But while individuals went under, the nation not only survived but became stronger ? administratively, politically, and economically as well as militarily. Parliamentary government proved itself, and a mood of national confidence developed out of the ordeals of William's war and Marlborough's victories. The

halie selassie i essays

halie selassie i essays Haile Selassie I was born on July 23,1892. His real name was Ras Tafari Makonnen. He was born into a royal family which he later took over the thrown as king. It has been said that Selassie I was a direct descendant of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba. Haile Selassie I was one of greatness and importance. The names that he held and the power he had were uncanny. Selassie was referred to in many ways and had many names. But they were not just any names they were names that were written in the bible. Names such as King of Kings; Lord of Lords; Conquering Tribe of the Lion of Judah. These were very powerful names that Selassie held. Also written in the bible is that Jesus will come back in the flesh and we will be unaware of it. Many believed it was him, especially in Jamaica. His trip to Jamaica was very memorable. What took place when he arrived in Jamaica was phenomenal. Many knew of his coming and in light of that waited in the airport for his arrival. These people waited in the rain. It had been raining for the past couple of days. For hours they waited and come to find out the plane was running late. Then suddenly 7 pure white doves flew out of the stormy clouds and as they did so the rain stopped. Immediately after the rain stopped there was the plane, he finally arrived and the people rejoiced in his presence. Before he left Jamaica a type of religion was started called Rastafarianism. This is a belief in a god called Jah, which they believed to be Selassie I. People who practiced this belief wore their hair in dred lox to give themselves what they call a dred appearance ...

Do managers take decisions for the good of the organisation or do they Essay

Do managers take decisions for the good of the organisation or do they behave the way they do for other reasons - Essay Example In the process of evolution, it is highly likely that the business developed from a one man enterprise or family business to a partnership, then to a public limited or private limited company. Ultimately it branched out from a local to regional and regional to international undertaking. It is highly probable, even inevitable, that the evolution and change in outside form also bring about changes in the internal handling of business decisions and operational practices. This becomes necessary as the tasks of managing the different aspects of the business become too complex and heavy for one man or a number of partners to manage alone. Ultimately as the business expands, it has to reinvent itself as a model of modern business enterprise. This will invariably involve the assignment or scheduling of tasks to professionally hired managers, with expertise in production techniques, Human Resources, marketing and sales, finance and accounting etc. Each departmental head becomes a prized resou rce, responsible for meeting his departments and workers goals and assignments. Authority and responsibility become interlinked, but seldom has it been seen that the upper management is taken to task for targets not achieved or a failed project. Rather, more often than not it is the middle and lower management and supervisors/ workers that are made to bear the brunt of the axe and the shame associated with it. This state of affairs often makes one stop and think- do managers take decisions for the good of the organization or do they behave the way they do for other reasons? This paper will argue that the interests of the organization are not always uppermost in the minds of the managers, rather, as they gain and wield power- managers tend to collude with each other for their own collective benefit, while in many cases insisting that failure was because of the ineptitude of people on the lower rungs of the ladder. I would rather state that managers keep their own interests uppermost in their mind at every turn. They are interested in their own survival, going as close to the top as they can, and toppling others who they consider as competition. The lower management or their subordinates are just pawns in the game (Rosen, 1988). The Evolution of the Modern Business Enterprise If we look at the evolution of a modern business, we see that it is quite likely to have its beginnings as a sole proprietorship or family business, in which every family member has a share of responsibilities. Or it could have started as a partnership, where two or more partners pooled together their skills, resources and business acumen to offer products and services to the general populace or those that needed their wares. The disadvantage here was that of unlimited liability, or cases where even their personal property could be attached to repay debts if the business failed. In time this led to the evolution of the corporate form of business ownership. As the Industrial Revolution swept through Europe and the Americas, investment was needed from both public and private sources to raise capital for infrastructure and the laying of railroads, transport and communication, factories and warehouses. The beginning of assembly line production at the Ford Motor Company meant that things could now be mass produced after breaking down the process into a series of steps. Then F.W.

Post-Keynesian and Austrian criticisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Post-Keynesian and Austrian criticisms - Essay Example The Neoclassical perspective of competition narrates the determination of prices, output and income distributions in markets via equality of supply and demand. This theory is based on three fundamental assumptions: 1. People have rational preferences defined over all variables that can be identified and associated with a value. Rationality in this context refers to the fact that each agent’s objective to operate in self-interest and maximize their individual benefits. This naturally leads on to the next assumption. Based on these assumptions, neoclassical theory of competition essentially is a doctrine that postulates the allocation of scare resources by firms to maximise profit which in turn, leads to a wide range of economic activity. Equilibrium is the result of individual optimization procedures. Utility maximization by consumers provides individual demand functions or correspondences which can be aggregated under certain assumptions to form the market demand function. Similarly, the market supply function is obtained from the optimization exercise by firms. The equality of these identifies the set of prices and quantities that are optima for producers and consumers alike and this is the competitive equilibrium. It should be convenient for future reference to note here that profit maximization requires a firm’s marginal cost is equal to its marginal revenue (MC=MR) since this corresponds to the maximum point on the total profit curve. Under perfect competition there are a very large number of firms in the market, each selling an identical product. Consequently, each firm caters only to an insignificant share of the market and is thus only a price taker. The profit maximization leads to P=MR=MC. There can be supernormal or positive profits only in the short run. In the long run, there is free entry and as a result, only zero profits can be sustained. In contrast, the monopolist can make positive profits both in the long run as well as the short

Water Decontamination Methods Advantages and Disadvantages

Water Decontamination Methods Advantages and Disadvantages Outline Abstract In Malaysia, for the past many years, drinking water treatment was only limited to water disinfection by using chlorine; however it had been concluded that its use in potable water treatment can be harmful to human health.(Subedi, et al., 2012) Following the development in drinking water treatment, conventional methods in three different technologies are available to have more purified water. They are biological, physicochemical and advanced oxidation process (AOPs) technologies. Each of the technologies has different roles in purifying water and they can be combined to treat drinking water as well. In this assignment, the lists of methods of each technology are stated and some of the main processes are discussed, including the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. For biological technology, slow sand filtration and perchlorate processes are discussed in 3a.For physicochemical technology, coagulation process is discussed in details in 3b. Lastly, the advanced oxidation proces s, AOPs, include both photochemical and non-photochemical oxidation. The fenton system and photocatalytic processes which are categorized in photochemical oxidation are discussed in 3c. Introduction Safe drinking water that free of contaminants is essential to human health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. Its accessibility is human’s rights and a component of effective policy for health protection. (who et al) Therefore, there are many drinking water regulations and acts set by specialized agency such as WHO to have standard on safe drinking water to give awareness to public and thus limit the levels of contaminants. The national primary drinking water regulations and number of regulated contaminants shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 in appendix 2.According to the regulations and standards, the characteristics of safe drinking water are contaminants free, natural minerals rich, alkaline pH, taste good and odorless. Firstly, microbiological and chemical contaminants in drinking water may cause acute or chronic health effects or undesirable aesthetic properties when present at excessive concentrations. Microbiological contaminants refer to path ogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites. Chemical contaminants refer to toxicity, inorganic and organic chemicals. The other contaminants are pesticides, herbicides and radioactive materials (radionuclide). Besides that, pH of water should be maintained from 6.5 to 8.5. This is because alkaline water is able to neutralize stored acids and help in eliminating toxins. Because of these, various types of technologies of drinking water treatments are introduced to minimize the deleterious effects of contaminated drinking water on human health. Details of contaminants by National Secondary Drinking Water Standards and details of contaminants and potential health effects by National Primary Drinking Water Standards as shown in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4 respectively in appendix 2. In the following, three different technologies which are biological, physicochemical and advanced oxidation process (AOPs) are introduced to treat drinking water to a safety level s o that human health is ensured. The goal of all of the developed water treatment technologies is to remove turbidity as well as chemical and pathogenic contaminants from drinking water source in the most affordable and expedient manner possible. 3.Content 3a.Biological Technology Water used for drinking and household use, even water from a ground water supply, should be treated before it is used to ensure it is safe and aesthetically pleasing. One innovative method of water treatment is biological water treatment. Biological drinking water treatment is one technology that has the potential to further many of these objectives. This technology is based on the ability of microorganisms – specifically non-pathogenic bacteria – to efficiently catalyze the biochemical oxidation or reduction of drinking water contaminants and produce biologically stable water. (Snoeyink, 1984) .Biological drinking water treatment is often used in combination with other chemical and chemical processes including ozonation and filtration. There are some types of biological drinking water treatment such as slow sand filtration, rapid biological filtration, ozone-enhanced biological filtration and granular activated carbon biological adsorption. Firstly, the slow sand filtration is a type of centralized or semi-centralized water purification system. A well-designed and properly maintained slow sand filter (SSF) effectively removes turbidity and pathogenic organisms through various biological, physical and chemical processes in a single treatment step. According to (Patrick J. Evans, 2010), slow sand filtration involves very low filtration rates (e.g. 0.04 to 0.10 gpm/ft2) through sand media without pre-oxidation or pre-disinfection (Awwa, 2005). During initial operation of slow sand filtration, a layer of biological matter will be produced on the surface of filter media by the separation of organic matter and other solids. This layer is called as schumutzdecke which acts as the predominant filtering mechanism. It supports the biological matter that works as the primary biofiltration process to remove BDOC, pathogenic microorganisms, and particulates (Page, 2006).To maintenance the slow sand filtration process, periodic scrap ing and removal of the top layer of sand are needed. Besides that, there is another more precise term to replace slow sand filtration which is called biological filtration (SBF) since the biologically active schmutzdecke is an integral part of this process. Besides that, the advantages of slow sand filters is very effective in improving the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of water and it is very easy to operate and maintain. The disadvantages of slow sand filters are vulnerability to clogging when the incoming water is of high turbidity. When dealing with such waters, pre-treatment, such as sedimentation or roughing pre-filtration is required. Next, biological perchlorate or nitrate process. Perchlorate and nitrate have the ability of being anaerobically biodegraded to chloride and nitrogen gas. (Patrick J. Evans, 2010) stated the process involves addition of an electron donor such as acetic acid plus nutrients to water to promote biochemical reduction of biological perchlorate or nitrate process. Moreover, perchlorate and nitrate act as the terminal electron acceptors for respiration by these bacteria. As a result, BPNP vary from the predate biological drinking water treatment processes that are aerobic and employ aerobic bacteria that use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor for respiration. BPNP can be employed in diverse arrangement including packed beds, fluidized beds, and membrane systems. BPNP is followed by an aeration process to promote aerobic biodegradation of assimilable organic (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in combination with a filtration process for turbidity removal. 3b.Physicochemical Technology Physicochemical drinking water treatment is frequently used in the area of drinking water treatment. This technique is applied to remove the heavy metals, oils and suspended matters. This physiochemical drinking water treatment technique is used to treat drinking water in order to become process water. According to (Spellman, 2009)the steps that are under this technique are coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and arsenic removal from drinking water. The coagulation process that occurs in this drinking water treatment technique will be discussed in details in this assignment. The definition of coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles.(L.Droste, 1997)The particles are coated with a chemically sticky layer that enables them to stick with each other, forming a large molecule and settle in a short period of time. The ability of an agent to agglomerate the tiny particles found in water is directly related to its charge. The other factor that will affect the ability is the size of synthetic polymers. The most common materials that are used to coagulate the water are alum (aluminum sulfate) and iron salts. (L.Droste, 1997) stated that the multivalent characteristic of these coagulants effectively attracts them to charged colloidal particles and their high insolubility helps to ensure their removal from the water to a high degree. When coagulant such as alum is being added into the water, a chemical reaction that produces positively charged will occur. This reaction will indirectly reduce the electrical charges of the particles and hence form a sticky substance which also known as floc. In this reaction, turbidity, color and microorganisms can be removed easily. The formation of floc is the primary step of coagulation process. For perfect efficiency, intimate, rapid mixing of the water must be done and coagulant must be present. After mixing, the water should be stirred slowly so that the particles can stick to each other forming a large molecule. According to (Spellman, 2009) , the factors that will affect the coagulation process are pH, turbidity, temperature, alkalinity and he use of polymers. The degree to which these factors affect coagulation process relies on the type of coagulant use. The condition of raw water, optimum pH to coagulate the water and other factors must be taken into account before making decision on which chemical to be used. According to(E.Manathan, 2009), the main advantage of using this technique is lower cost compared to biological treatment. It requires less worker force and able to settle the issues regarding toxic materials effectively. On the other hand, it has its disadvantage too, which is require careful operator control and use up huge amount of energy. 3c.Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an oxidation process which affects water treatment by generating a sufficient quantity of hydroxyl radicals.(Goi, 2005) Hydroxyl radicals (†¢ OH), are non-selective reactive species, helps to oxidize pollutants into mineral end-products, yielding CO2 and inorganic ions.This process can treat those organic pollutants with high chemical stability and low biodegradability which cannot be treated by conventional techniques. Basically, refractory compounds cannot be removed efficiently by conventional biological processes, but AOPs will do and help to improve the overall compound removal efficiency in water treatment. Refers to Figure3.1 in appendix 2, in biological systems, AOPs are used as pre- and post-treatment. The pre-treatment improve wastewater biological treatability by common microorganism whereas post-treatment is targeted on the contaminants removal which not completely done during the biological treatment. (Cesaro, et al., 2013) Organic contaminants such as halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethylene), pentachlorophenol (PCP), detergents, pesticides, etc can be destroying by this process easily. Besides, the inorganic contaminants (cyanide, nitrite, and sulfide) can be oxidized by this process. Non-photochemical and photochemical methods are used to generating the OH radicals. These two methods are as shown as table below: Fenton system In Fenton system, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as an oxidation agent. When hydrogen peroxide presents in excess, Fe (II) oxidizes to Fe (III) within few seconds or minutes and hydroxyl radicals will be generated. The reactions are as shown as below: Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + OH– +.OH The catalyst used in this process is iron salts which generate ferric ion, Fe2+as the Fenton’s reagent. Besides, ozone (UV-light) and transition metal salts are used.Mostly, ironsalts are used as transition metal salts. (Munter, 2001)Under the UV-radiation, the felton’s reagent undergoes oxidation processes that utilize activation of H2O2, has high efficiency to treat the hazardous organic pollutants that present in water. (Albert, 2010) Fenton reagent uses in wastewater treatment to convert the contaminants to harmless compound such as carbon dioxide and inorganic salts. This Fenton’s oxidation is the most efficient method in removing effluent toxidity and color compare to coagulation-flocculation process. It helps to decrease the rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), aromatic compounds, and total polyphenols in the wastewater. However, Fenton process also can be combined with coagulation to reduce flocs settling time, amount of COD, and enhanced color removal. Photo-Fenton-type oxidation is a process when Fe3+ ions added to H2O2/UV process, resulted Fe (OH)2+ complex in pH3 condition. Fe3+ + H2O →Fe (OH)2+ + H+ Fe (OH)2+ ↔ Fe3+ + OH When Fe (OH)2+ will further decompose into .OH and Fe2+ ions with the presence of UV light. Fe(OH)2+hv→ Fe2+ + .OH This type of reaction very relies on UV irradiation to start up the .OH generation. Besides, this UV irradiation can mineralize organic pollutants completely. Efficiency of Fenton/Fenton-like reagents with UV irradiation can be increased by efficient use of light quanta and photo-reduction of ferric ion.(Munter, 2001) Photocatalytic oxidation Photocatalytic oxidation is an alternative AOP method which introduced high energy (photons of ultraviolet light,UV) into the treatment system. Besides that, it is a potentially green chemistry drinking water treatment process. Throughout the whole process, no reagents are added and only relatively harmless catalyst TiO2 and sunlight (source of UV) is needed. Solid titanium dioxide, TiO2 is used as the photocatalyst leading to chain reaction for the production of HO. free radicals. (E.Manathan, 2009) When the surface of TiO2 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, â€Å"holes† (h) are generated at sites where excited electrons (e) are produced: TiO2 +hv → TiO2 (h + e) The surface holes may take electrons from dissolved hydroxyl ion to produce reactive hydroxyl radicals on the TiO2 surface: TiO2 (h) + OH → OH. Refers to theFigure 3.2 in appendix 2, solar disinfection (SODIS) and solar photocatalytic disinfection (SPCDIS) are appropriate technologies for water disinfection of Cryptosporidium oocysts at household level. Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that infect humans and causes diarrheal disease by the food-borne or waterborne routes. Cryptosporidium is capable to survive in the environment for long periods and even treated water is not guarantee to be safe from these infective parasites. Therefore, SODIS and SPCDIS are introduced to deactivate these microorganisms to reduce the risk of infection. SODIS and SPCDIS are both using the same method to reduce the oocyst viability. Both of them involve storing contaminated drinking water in transparent containers that are placed in direct sunlight before consumption.The disinfection effect of sunlight only occurs at temperatures exceeding 45 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Therefore during cloudy conditions, this process may take a longer time to ensure the safety of the drinking water. Photocatalytic disinfection, SPCDIS uses the non-toxic photocatalyst, TiO2 to enhance and accelerate the inactivation rate of the parasites. For SPCDIS, the photocatalyst particles would have to be removed after solar exposure and before consumption. Due to this additional step, the probability of compliance within communities in developing countries is low and lead to the inefficiency of the treatment. In order to overcome this problem, this photocatalyst,TiO2 has been isolated onto some form of coated flexible insert, which would reside permanently within the SODIS reactor. Due to the effectiveness of the cheap, flexible insert coated with the non-toxic photocatalyst TiO2, the photocatalytic oxidation is recommended since it enhances the diminution of the oocyst viability by as much as 50%. 4.Conclusions The three technologies in treating contaminated drinking water used different methods to purify water. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. They have faced respective challenges in terms of added research and development. Some of the common challenges are techniques for effective removal of emerging contaminants, synthetic chemicals and pesticides, as well as problems in dealing with spills of chemicals in navigable rivers and lastly the development of sustainable treatment. The challenge involving technological development is the needs of economic, appropriate, relevant and sustainable developing technology. (Ray Jain, 2011) In fact, three of the technologies can be combined to bring the greatest efficiency in water treatment process. For biological technology, the slow sand filtrationand perchlorate processes are discussed. The biological treatment is environmental friendly but the limitation of the processes are low effectiveness when the turbidity of water source is hi gh. For physicochemical technique, the method discussed is coagulation, one of the challenges it meets is large amount of energy consumption; whereas its future prospect could be get use of solar energy which is environment friendly. For AOPs, fentonand photocatalytic process are discussed. Both of the processes still need a further research about the fundamental concepts and reaction mechanism. It is because there are still much remain to be done in terms of maximizing its efficiency, by enhancing the performance-related properties of oxide materials. 5.References /abstract 1 /intro 2,3 *4+WHO *5+natural regulations *biological /physico 6,7,8 carson /aops9,10,11,12 /13,14,15,16,17,18 (6) /conclu19 1

Christmas The Very Word Brings Joy Essay

Variety is the spice of life. Life without feasts and celebrations is charm less and lifeless. So is true in case of school life. Without functions and celebrations school life becomes monotonous and uninteresting. Therefore, almost all the schools have certain annual functions such as, Annual Sport Where excellence is a habit So lets enjoy the stage breaking performance. School fete is one event students eagerly wait.. A very good Morning & Merry Christmas and welcome to one and all present here to join this eve, for join us. Kids, ladies and gentleman. We are feeling nice to meet you and see you on this holy occasion. We hope and assure that you will also feel nice in this musical and joyful atmosphere. So you are most welcome again. Enjoy all the joyful moments and sweet and soft music to make the moments unforgettable. Band is going to start this cheerful evening with holy and religious music. This occasion is very special to all of us so first some blessing prayers. After that for your guest of honor, for your welcome the band will present some cultural folk songs and dances. I am sure you all will completely lost in the heaven of musical feel and colour yourself in the colour of this incredible Christmas eve. To make this day memorable, joyful and cheerful a musical atmosphere created here. games stalls, many stalls of eatables n different kinds of rides have been arranged 2 mk dis day d most special one for u†¦ To make you energetic there are arrangements of snacks and soft drinks†¦ END :- At the end I would like 2 thank all the guests for making every single moment of dis fete d unforgettable and memorable one wid ur presence.. We hope you all enjoyed this beautiful day. Thanks for joining us and once again merry Christmas and happy New Year to one and all. May Jesus makes all your wishes come true†¦ thank you everyone thanks a lot†¦ Christmas is my favorite time of year. As a child, I loved the lights, the Christmas tree, the presents 🙂 As an adult, I still love the lights, the  music and the decorations†¦ The sky was dotted with a few fluffy clouds that looked like candy floss. All praise be to God for such a celestial and symphonious evening. An evening full of allure and amazement.